Chomsky proposes, then, that a goal of syntactic theory should be to con. A comparison between structures with different noncanonical word orders has not yet been conducted using neuroimaging methods. There is considerable evidence that a whsubject does not move locally to spec, cp in english. Such questions involve longdistance movement of the whphrase, which has been analysed as successive cyclicity in the government and binding model chomsky, 1981 and subsequent work and as phases in the minimalist program chomsky, 2001. Whmovement by lisa laishen cheng overdrive rakuten. This paper presents an alternative analysis of tough constructions for n. In partial whmovement, the scope position contains a scopemarker. Pdf a comparative study of whmovement in urdu and english. What is universal grammar theory and its criticism 1.
Two types of covert whmovement 169 the moved set of formal features is interpreted as an operator and its trace is interpreted as a variable at lf. A syntactic study of whmovement in egyptian arabic within. In each case we will briefly summarize chomskys statement of the condition or analysis in question. Email citation a seminal work that shows common features of abar movement, and lends further support to the view that all overt movements are bounded and respect subjacency. The revised picture is also the one assumed in governmentbinding theory and the minimalist program. In an ambitious attempt to to subsume the island constraints under a single structural principle, chomsky 1973. Wh movement as movement hebrew university of jerusalem. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading whmovement. Chomsky s 1981 wh movement analysis of tough constructions. Universal grammar in second language acquisition definition of ug a set of principles and parameters that constrain all human languages. Log in cambridge users raven other users no account. The classical formulation of his idea see aspects of the theory of syntax and the sound pattern of english characterizes the situation as follows. To replace chomsky s solution and to obviate the need for generalized transformations in governmentbinding gb theory, an alternative analysis is proposed in which the tough subject originates as an embedded object, is subsequently reanalyzed as the complement. The online comprehension of wh movement structures in.
In partial whmovement, the whphrase moves to an intermediate spec, cp. Covert partial whmovement and the nature of derivations. Chomsky proposed that linguistic theory itself should contribute to solving this puzzle. Information on subscribing to talks finding a talk adding a talk disseminating talks help and documentation. Longdistance wh movement is of interest as it can be argued that it poses difficulty in acquisition due to its syntactic complexity and related high processing load. Ug i t f th h ti 2 ug is part of the human genetic endowment and is encoded in the language acquisition faculty laf. Noam chomsky s 1977 paper on whmovement, a landmark in the study of whmovement and movement in general, showed that this computational operation is the basis of a variety of syntactic constructions that had previously been described in terms of constructionspecific rules. Whsubjects in english and the vacuous movement hypothesis. In so doing, chomskys government and binding theory has been used as the framework. An annotated syntax reader brings together a collection of seminal articles published over the last forty years that demonstrate the empirical and theoretical foundations of current syntactic theory. A similar contrast between overt and lf whmovement is found with longdistance questioning out of interrogative clauses. The universal grammar approach theories in sla course elt 612 faculty of education department of english language teaching cyprus international university spring semester 2015 presented by farhad m. It is observed in many of the worlds languages, and plays a key role in the theories of longdistance dependencies.
In this squib i consider the vacuous movement hypothesis henceforth vmh, the notion that in english local overt wh movement takes place except for subjects george 1980, chomsky 1986. Since chomsky 1964 and ross 1967, whmovement has received considerable attention in the literature. Whmovementthe phenomenon by which interrogative words appear at the beginning of interrogative sentencesis one of the central displacement operations of human language. A comprehensive analysis of whmovement in interrogative. Ever since, this inspiring article has op ened the door. In this squib i consider the vacuous movement hypothesis henceforth vmh, the notion that in english local overt whmovement takes place except for subjects george 1980, chomsky 1986.
This study compares brain activations that are related to the processing of different syntactic structures that are derived by two distinct types of syntactic movement. Whmovement is found in many languages around the world, and of the various discontinuity types, whmovement is the one that has been studied the most. This paper claims that the possibilities of movement of whoperators, as well as the scope. Wh movement affects wh phrases, which typically consist of or c. Project muse a nonuniform analysis of overt wh movement.
The minimalist program, a development of earlier work in transformational generative grammar, proposes that the computational system central to human language is a perfect solution to the task of relating sound and meaning. Ever since, this inspiring article has op ened the. Since urdu is a multidimensional language, therefore, the movement of whexpression will be assumed multifunctional. Regardless of the specifics of the theoretical implementation, in languages where wh. Introduction to transformational grammar kyle johnson university of massachusetts fall 2007. Since i updated the book particularly the last two chapters somewhat hurriedly after chomsky sent me an as yet unpublished paper he wrote a few weeks ago, it is inevitable that there may be typos and other problems. Chomsky 1981, subjacency is generally assumed to be a condition on.
Notes on the ecp in english and german university of groningen. A crosslinguistic analysis 187 188 syed shahrier rahman the dhaka university journal of linguistics vol. In minimalist program 1995, chomsky proposes that whmovement is generated by a strong operator feature of the functional chead. Lf movement and the minimalist program university of. Includes introductions, annotations by the editors, and discussion questions to teach students how to critically read precedentsetting works features writings by.
One of the crosslinguistic phenomena that has appeared in recent works on whmovement is the issue of optionality a situation whereby languages allow both whmovement and whinsitu strategies. The third approach is to assume that an insitu wh phrase does not undergo any movement and is licensed through entering into an agree relation with c0, as shown in 3 cf. It is a standard assumption of governmentbinding theory that the relationship between a constituent displaced by the transformational rule schema move. Kathau is basically correct apart from the slightly irritating focus on the auxiliary verb in the first sentence, let me add a little bit. T also carries epp requiring it to be extended to tp containing subject as specifier. Syntactic theory the minimalist program by noam chomsky. In full whmovement, the whphrase moves to the beginning of the sentence. The central aim of this paper is to develop a general theory of whconstructions which i allows us to accurately distinguish between whphrases as questionword phrases, echoquestion phrases and indefinites in terms of a feature matrix involving the features wh and focus, ii makes it understandable why. Citeseerx document details isaac councill, lee giles, pradeep teregowda.
In linguistics, whmovement concerns rules of syntax involving the placement of interrogative. Since urdu is a multidimensional language, therefore, the movement of wh expression will be assumed multifunctional. Following chomskys usage, the term wh movement is often used to refer to any instance of movement to speccp, regardless of whether the moved constituent is a wh phrase. Later, though chomsky 2000, 2001a,b, he proposes what i call a nonuniform analysis of overt whmovement. Results showed generalization patterns constrained to type of movement.
The present study is an attempt to compare whmovement in english and persian. Since there does not involve whmovement in chinese language, and chinese students. Under standard linguistic analyses chomsky, 1986, 1995, both these structures involve whmovement. Finally, wh movement is not allowed out of phrases that appear in the subject position. Subjacency principle, puts constraints on english whmovement and this is the major study point of the present study. Noam chomskys 1977 paper on whmovement, a landmark in the study of whmovement and movement in general, showed that this computational operation is the basis of a variety of. Condition, the tensed sentence condition, and chomskys formulation of strict cyclicity. A case of whmovement ghasem tayyebi 1 1 department of english, kazerun branch, islamic azad university, kazerun, iran. Training whmovement structures resulted in generalized production of untrained whmovement structures without influencing production of npmovement structures.
The analysis will mainly focus on whmovement in interrogative. Under a nonuniform analysis, how overt whmovement proceeds depends on what type of whphrase is involved. James huang harvard university december 2008 january 2009 national taiwan normal university a macro and microvariations and parametric theory. However, the notion that overt whmovement in english involves feature. Noam chomsky s 1977 paper on whmovement, a landmark in the study of whmovement and movement in general, showed that this computational operation is the basis of a variety of syntactic constructions that had. Wh movement is found in many languages around the world, and of the various discontinuity types, wh movement is the one that has been studied the most.
Since there does not involve wh movement in chinese language, and chinese students. Mar 01, 2015 wh movement as copying and deletion 1. It also seeks to examine the interaction between hodeidi arabic whquestions and chomskys 1999, 2000, 2001, 2005, and 2006 phasebased analysis. Study on chinese english learners acquisition of wh. Hence, in this study, the wh movement is investigated in both urdu and english. Chomskys 1981 whmovement analysis of tough constructions. This article investigates spoken productions of complex questions with longdistance wh movement in the l2 english of speakers whose first language is canadian french or bulgarian.
A similar contrast between overt and lf wh movement is found with longdistance questioning out of interrogative clauses. This essay is going to provide an indepth account for the phenomenon of whmovement in english along the lines of chomskys government and binding theory gb, a transformational approach in which whmovement is described as constituent movement. In the recent literature on bounding and government, a certain consensus exists on the necessity of distinguishing two types of whmovement. Noam chomskys 1977 paper on whmovement, a landmark in the study of whmovement and movement in general, showed that this computational operation is the basis of a variety of syntactic constructions that had previously been described in terms of constructionspecific rules. Here i will attempt to subsume generalized xbar theory under a more generally free xbar theory and then focus on the nature of whmovement, including the possible structural effect of specificity on it, given such a system of phrase structure. The third approach is to assume that an insitu whphrase does not undergo any movement and is licensed through entering into an agree relation with c0, as shown in 3 cf.
Wh movement and epp features epp is the mechanism which drives movement of whexpression to speccp chomsky. Hence, in this study, the whmovement is investigated in both urdu and english. James huang harvard university december 2008 january 2009. Since a number of chomskys conclusions rest on his analyses of such rules as wh movement, we will devote a separate section to those analyses. Two types of covert wh movement 169 the moved set of formal features is interpreted as an operator and its trace is interpreted as a variable at lf. Noam chomskys 1977 paper on whmovement, a landmark in the study of whmovement and movement in general, showed that this computational operation is the basis of a variety of syntactic constructions that had. Within the framework of the minimalist program, chomsky 1995 still assumes a uniform amovement analysis of overt whmovement. More recently, the less confusing term operator movement has gained currency as a general term for movement to speccp, subsuming wh movement in its original sense and. Readings advanced syntax linguistics and philosophy. In recent years many studies have been conducted on whmovement taking into consideration different perspectives. Noam chomsky s 1977 paper on wh movement, a landmark in the study of wh movement and movement in general, showed that this computational operation is the basis of a variety of syntactic constructions that had previously been described in terms of constructionspecific rules. Since chomsky 1964 and ross 1967, wh movement has received considerable attention in the literature. Aug, 2017 hi, while the initial answer of zeibura s. Study on chinese english learners acquisition of whmovement.
A seminal work that shows common features of abar movement, and lends further support to the view that all overt movements are bounded and respect subjacency. Moving on current studies in linguistics kindle edition by cheng, lisa laishen, corver, norbert, chomsky, noam. Training and generalized production of wh and npmovement. The influence of training on aspects of narrative discourse also was examined. The author selects a certain number of chinese university students as participants and carries out a grammaticality judgment test. Whmovement in english and persian within the framework of. In so doing, chomsky s government and binding theory has been used as the framework. Chomsky 1977 observes that questions but not relatives can have wh movement of adjective phrases, a statement meant to show how questions and relatives. These changes were subjacency, a single rule move wh, and traces. The availability of universal grammar to second language.
Readings advanced syntax linguistics and philosophy mit. In recent years many studies have been conducted on wh movement taking into consideration different perspectives. Subjacency principle, puts constraints on english wh movement and this is the major study point of the present study. Whmovement affects whphrases, which typically consist of or c. The roi results lends further support for the finding that verb movement is not processed in the same areas as does whmovement. I will argue in this article that saitos conclusion is correct and that the reconstruction property of scrambling can be derived from chomskys 1995, chapter 4 analysis, according to which. The present study is an attempt to compare wh movement in english and persian. Longdistance whmovement and longdistance whmovement. Download it once and read it on your kindle device, pc, phones or tablets. The influence of first language on the processing of whmovement in. Pdf subject whmovement in najrani arabic and minimalism. This article addresses the syntax of the notorious toughmovement con. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left.
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